Water storage tanks maintain a reliable water supply for millions of homes across the United States. With an estimated 23 million households relying on private wells for their drinking water, owners need to be familiar with how their water storage tank works. This guide explores types of water storage tanks, their functions, and how to choose the right one for your home’s setup.
Understanding Water Storage Tanks
Water storage tanks are integral components of home plumbing systems, especially for those relying on private wells. These tanks serve multiple purposes, including maintaining consistent water pressure, storing water for immediate use, and extending the lifespan of other plumbing components. By acting as a buffer between the well pump and your home’s plumbing fixtures, storage tanks help prevent the pump from rapid cycling, which can lead to premature wear and tear.
Additionally, water storage tanks offer a ready supply of water for all your household uses. This is particularly beneficial during power outages, as the stored water can still be used even if the well pump is not operating. Beyond ensuring a steady water flow, storage tanks safeguard your home’s water quality by minimizing sediments and other impurities.
Types of Water Storage Tanks
There are two main types of water storage tanks commonly used in residential settings: pressure tanks and nonpressurized storage tanks, also known as cisterns. Each type serves a specific purpose in managing your home’s water supply.
Pressure Tanks
Pressure tanks are the most common type of water storage tank found in modern well systems. These tanks are typically tall, cylindrical containers made of painted steel or fiberglass. They’re installed between the well pump and the rest of the home’s plumbing system. Pressure tanks have two primary functions: maintaining adequate water pressure throughout the home and storing a reserve of water to reduce pump cycling.
Nonpressurized Storage Tanks (Cisterns)
Nonpressurized storage tanks are large-capacity tanks designed to store a significant volume of water. Unlike pressure tanks, cisterns don’t directly pressurize the water. Instead, they act as a reservoir, providing an additional water supply when demand exceeds the well’s capacity. These tanks are particularly useful for homes with low-yielding wells or in areas prone to drought.
They can also be used for rainwater harvesting. This eco-friendly practice involves collecting and storing rainwater for later use, reducing the reliance on groundwater and municipal water sources. Implementing a rainwater harvesting system conserves water and lowers utility bills.
How Pressure Tanks Maintain Water Supply
Pressure tanks work in conjunction with well pumps and other components to ensure a steady water supply at the right pressure. Understanding how these systems function can help you maintain and troubleshoot your water system more effectively.
The Role of Pressure Switches
A pressure switch is a crucial component in the pressure tank system. It monitors the water pressure within the tank and signals the well pump to turn on or off. Typically, the switch activates the pump when pressure drops to around 30 or 40 pounds per square inch (psi) and turns it off when pressure reaches 50 or 60 psi. This range ensures comfortable water pressure for household use while protecting your plumbing from excessive pressure.
The Function of Check Valves
Check valves are one-way valves installed between the well pump and the pressure tank. Their primary function is to prevent water from flowing back into the well once it’s been pumped into the tank. This helps maintain pressure in the system and prevents unnecessary pump cycling, which can extend the life of your well pump.
Bladder and Diaphragm Tanks
Pressure tanks often contain a bladder or diaphragm that helps maintain consistent pressure and prevents waterlogging. Bladder tanks have a rubber bladder inside that separates the water from the air, while diaphragm tanks use a rubber diaphragm. Both designs help improve efficiency and reduce maintenance needs.
Selecting the Right Pressure Tank for Your Home
The right tank will improve water pressure and reduce wear on your well pump.
Calculating Tank Size
The ideal pressure tank size depends on several factors, including the well pump’s flow rate, minimum runtime, and the pressure switch settings. Tank sizes are measured in water capacity, ranging from a few gallons to over a hundred. To determine the right size, you’ll need to calculate the drawdown rate, which is based on these factors. Many tank manufacturers offer online calculators or technical support to help you choose the appropriate size for your needs.
Factors Affecting Tank Selection
When selecting a pressure tank, think about your household’s water usage patterns, the performance of your well, and available space. If you’re replacing an existing tank, you might be able to use the same size, but it’s always best to consult with a professional or the tank manufacturer to ensure you’re making the right choice.
Additionally, factor in the tank’s build quality and warranty. Investing in a high-quality tank with a longer warranty period can offer peace of mind and reduce the likelihood of future issues. Stainless steel tanks, for example, are highly durable but may come at a higher cost than steel or fiberglass options.
Additional Water Storage Tanks for Low-Yielding Wells
For homes with wells that struggle to keep up with water demand, adding one or more storage tanks can be more cost-effective than drilling a deeper well.
Benefits of Supplementary Storage
Supplementary storage tanks provide a large reserve of water that your home can draw from during periods of high demand. This can prevent your well from running dry and ensure a consistent water supply even when usage spikes, such as during family gatherings or when filling a large bathtub.
These reserve tanks can also act as a backup during dry seasons, providing peace of mind in avoiding potential water shortages. Additionally, storing water in supplementary tanks can help maintain water quality by allowing sediments to settle over time, reducing the amount of sediment entering household plumbing.
How Storage Tanks Work With Existing Systems
Nonpressurized storage tanks are installed between the well pump and the pressure tank. They don’t replace the pressure tank but work in tandem with it. The well pump fills the storage tank, which is then pumped into the pressure tank as needed. This setup allows for a larger water reserve without putting additional strain on the well pump.
Using Rainwater Harvesting Systems
Integrating a rainwater harvesting system with your storage tanks can provide an additional, sustainable water source. Collected rainwater can be used for irrigation, flushing toilets, or even treated for potable use, depending on your installation and local regulations. This setup can further reduce dependence on a low-yielding well and improve overall water supply resilience.
Choosing the Ideal Water Storage Tank Capacity
Determining the right capacity for your storage tank depends on your household’s water needs and your well’s performance.
To choose the right tank size, estimate your household’s peak water demand. Factor your family size, water-intensive appliances, and any additional water needs such as garden irrigation. For a small family, a 200-gallon tank might suffice, while larger households or those with higher water demands may need tanks with capacities of 500 gallons or more.
Well Flow Rate and Refill Time
Your well’s flow rate and the time it takes to refill the storage tank are key factors in determining tank size. A slow-flowing well or one in a drought-prone area may require a larger tank to ensure an adequate water supply during peak usage times. Consult with local well system installers or tank manufacturers to help calculate the ideal capacity based on your specific situation.
In addition to size, consider location and access to your storage tank. Placing the tank in a convenient location for both installation and future maintenance will save time and effort. Local building codes may also influence where and how you can install your tank, so check these regulations before making a decision.
Materials and Installation Options for Water Storage Tanks
Water storage tanks come in various materials and can be installed either above ground or underground, depending on your needs and local regulations.
Above-Ground vs. Underground Installation
Above-ground installation is often simpler and less expensive, making it easier to access the tank for maintenance. However, it requires dedicated space on your property. Underground installation saves space and protects the tank from extreme temperatures, but it can be more costly to install and maintain.
Popular Tank Materials and Their Properties
Common materials for water storage tanks include the following:
- Concrete: Ideal for large underground installations
- Fiberglass: Long-lasting and resistant to rust and bacteria growth
- Plastic: Lightweight, affordable, and corrosion-resistant
- Steel: Durable and suitable for large capacities
Fiberglass and concrete tanks tend to have long lifespans but can be more challenging to repair if damaged. Plastic tanks, while easier to handle and install, may degrade faster with exposure to UV light. Steel tanks, on the other hand, require regular maintenance to prevent rust, particularly in humid environments.
Maintaining Your Water Storage System
Regular maintenance ensures your system’s longevity and efficiency.
Regular Inspection and Cleaning
Inspect your tanks annually for signs of wear, damage, or contamination. Clean the tanks as recommended by the manufacturer, typically every five years, to prevent sediment buildup and maintain water quality.
In addition to inspecting the tanks, check associated components such as pipes, valves, and the pressure switch. Ensuring these parts are in good condition will help maintain efficient water flow and prevent potential problems from arising.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
Common problems with water storage systems include the following:
- Contamination
- Pressure fluctuations
- Short cycling of the well pump
- Waterlogged pressure tanks
If you encounter these issues, consult your system’s manual or contact a professional for assistance. Addressing problems promptly can prevent more serious damage and prolong the life of your water storage system.
